Paragraph Length in Compositions and Reports

In composition, technical writing, and online writing, the term paragraph length refers to the number of sentences in a paragraph and the number of words in those sentences. There is no set or correct length for a paragraph. As discussed below, conventions about appropriate length vary from one form of writing to another and depend on various factors, including medium, topic, audience, and purpose. Simply put, a paragraph  should be as long or as short as it needs to be to develop a main idea.  As  Barry J. Rosenberg  says, Some paragraphs should weigh a skimpy two or three sentences, while others should weigh a robust seven or eight sentences. Both weights are equally healthy (Spring Into Technical Writing for Engineers and Scientists, 2005).   See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: The Invisible Mark of Punctuation: The Paragraph BreakCoherence and CohesionDevelopmentParagraph Break  and  ParagraphingSentence LengthUnity Examples and Observations Paragraph lengths, like sentence lengths, give an essay a kind of rhythm that readers can feel but that is hard to talk about . . .. A very short paragraph can be just the right kind of pause following a long and complex one. Or a series of paragraphs of about the same length can give the reader a very satisfying feeling of balance and proportion.(Diana Hacker and Betty Renshaw, Writing With a Voice, 2nd ed. Scott, Foresman, 1989)Paragraph Length in EssaysThere is no set rule about paragraph length. They can be long or short ..., though do note that both the shortest and the longest are rare and you should take care in their use. What works best is usually a mixture of longer and shorter paragraphs within the middle range. Aim to vary length rather than look for a set formula. . . . [A] paragraph [that] contains . . . 150 words . . . is probably about average for what would most often be used in an essay.(Jacqueline Connelly and Patrick Forsyth, Essay Writing Skills: Essential Techni ques to Gain Top Marks. Kogan Page Ltd., 2011)Dividing a Long Paragraph[S]ometimes you may discover that a particular point in your essay is so complex that your paragraph is growing far too long—well over a typed page, for instance. If this problem occurs, look for a logical place to divide your information and start a new paragraph. For example, you might see a convenient dividing point in a series of actions youre describing or a break in the chronology of a narrative or between explanations of arguments or examples. Just make sure you begin your next paragraph with some sort of transitional phrase or key words to let the reader know that you are still discussing the same point as before (Still another problem caused by the computers faulty memory circuit is . . .).(Jean Wyrick, Steps to Writing Well With Additional Readings, 8th ed. Wadsworth, 2011)Paragraph Length in Academic WritingParagraphs give readers a sense of where one unit ends and another begins, a sense of how the argument develops by moving from one topic to another. . . . Paragraphs let the reader digest one idea at a time without becoming overwhelmed.In modern academic writing, paragraphs are usually less than a page in length. But its rare to find many short paragraphs (of, say, less than four lines) in a row. A typical paragraph is roughly ten to twenty lines in length. But there will be variety. Short paragraphs are sometimes needed for other purposes besides laying out a component of the argument. For example, a transitional paragraph might be needed at a certain point in order to sum up all thats been established so far and to hint at where the argument will go from here.And sometimes short paragraphs can simply underscore a point.(Matthew Parfitt, Writing in Response. Bedford/St. Martins 2012)Paragraph Length in Business and Technical WritingQuantifying paragraph length is difficult, but in business and technical writing, paragraphs exceeding 100 to 125 words should be rare. Mos t paragraphs will consist of three to six sentences. If a single-spaced paragraph goes beyond one-third of a page, it is probably too long. A double-spaced paragraph should not exceed half a page in length.The documents format should influence paragraph length. If a document has narrow columns (two to three to the page), then paragraphs should be shorter, perhaps on the average of no more than 50 words. If a document uses a full-page format (one column), then average paragraph length can reach 125 words.Length is therefore a function of appearance and visual relief.(Stephen R. Covey, Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, 5th ed. FT Press and Pearson Education, 2012)Paragraph Length in Online WritingIf the statistics are to be believed, by the end of this sentence, I’ll have lost most of you. Because according to some estimates, the average time spent on a webpage is 15 seconds. . .And so webmasters worldwide have launched an emergency austerity programme, prun ing, paring, compacting everything possible in a frantic attempt to spare our readers a few precious seconds. . . .The most obvious casualty of this economy drive is the venerable paragraph. . . .The internet . . . has exerted further downward pressure on paragraph length. Reading on a laptop screen or phone is slower and more fatiguing, and it’s harder to keep your place; inserting regular, clear breaks (complete lines rather than indentations) is one way to create a smoother reading experience.None of this is in dispute. But consider  this recent piece on the BBC website. With two exceptions, all the paragraphs in this story consist of precisely one sentence. . . .[O]ne reason, and one reason alone, is sufficient to justify the Save the Paragraph Campaign. Time was, when you came across a paragraph of one sentence, you knew it contained powerful stuff (in the writer’s view, at least). A short paragraph, coming after many long ones, could deliver a real punch.(Andy Bodle, Breaking Point: Is the Writing on the Wall for the Paragraph?. The Guardian, May 22, 2015)One-Sentence ParagraphsOccasionally, a one-sentence paragraph is acceptable if it is used as a transition between longer paragraphs or as a one-sentence introduction or conclusion in correspondence.(Gerald J. Alred, Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu, The Business Writers Handbook, 10th ed. Bedford/St. Martins, 2012)Paragraph Length and ToneHow long is a paragraph?As short as that.Shorter.Or as long as it needs to be to cover a subject. . . .But there is a complication. Writing that aims to be inviting, like the writing in newspapers, popular magazines and books, uses shorter paragraphs than more ambitious and profound writing. New paragraphs are begun before a topic is exhausted.Anytime.For no reason at all.Because each new paragraph lightens the tone, encourages readers, offers a foothold down the page.When paragraphs are short, writing does seem easier. Less happily, it also seems disjointed and superficial—as though the writer cant concentrate on a subject.Thus paragraphing, like so much else, is a matter of tone. You want to have a proper paragraph length for your subject, your audience, and your degree of seriousness (or frivolity).(Bill Stott, Write to the Point. Anchor Press, 1984)

Argumentative Essay About Fast Food Industry - 1359 Words

The world economy has become fast-paced, and this has forced people to transform their lifestyle in order to adapt to the changing pace. Family structures have evolved drastically with modern mothers having outside careers rather than being housewives. Granted such mothers get out of work worn out with little strength to prepare a proper meal for the family. They often opt for an easier way of preparing a meal for their families. This is the foundation for the thriving of the fast food industry. A number of nations have been transformed to fast food nation with American society being on the lead followed by Britain. American hosts the largest fast food industry in the world with outlets in over 200 foreign nations. With conveniences around†¦show more content†¦Global influences of the fast food industry are shown in the health problems in society today. The cheap production of meat and grains for the fast food industry cause harm to the environment, humans, and animals. The fast food that is consumed is not only bad for the health of people but also for the environment. As food provides more than just sustenance; it increasingly has come to shape and mediate our understanding of ourselves and our culture. The fast food industry has been growing dramatically during the last few years. For this reason, we should try to find out what are the several factors why fast food consumption keeps growing among young people and adults. Therefore, as we have seen, the popularity of fast food is spreading rapidly among many people due to the following three main reasons: good taste, convenient time, and price. Personally, working for a fast food restaurant for a brief moment in my life, I can attest to this. Marketing also plays a big part to more people eating fast food. It’s in our culture in America to expect fast food companies to market and strategize their ways to make us, the consumers, to buy more food and consume more food so they can make more profit. Especially now with commercials and social media. The fast food industry has thrived in the modern era. It’s thriving so much, the industry is growing faster than the U.S economy, atShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essays About Ob esity1560 Words   |  7 Pagesfor looking at arguments relating to the fast food industry is Super-Size me that documentary, that might give you some more ideas about arguments, to look into some of the issues that Morgan Spurlock touches on, (size of food portions, advertising, health related problems of obesity, etc..) Obesity in AmericaWhen people think about health what usually comes up is cancer, or some kind of disease that will hold you back. Not many people really think about one of the biggest issues out there thatRead MoreWriters Reflection Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pageshigh school years writing essays became more complex. For some reason I couldn’t seem to fully understand the different techniques you need in order to write a successful essay. English 49 being my first English college class was at first a bit overwhelming. I felt somewhat intimidated. I thought I didn’t had thev enough knowledge to write a good essay, because of the fact that I didn’t felt like I learned much in high school on how to incorporate good essay writing skills. On theRead MoreShhh Essay2170 Words   |  9 PagesJune 13th Percentage of Final Grade: 10% Objective: Write a summary of Crystal’s essay â€Å"2B or not 2B.† Use a template from They Say, I Say to begin your summary. Make appropriate rhetorical â€Å"moves,† such as integrating quotes, choosing strong verbs, and using effective transitions. Most importantly, demonstrate that you understand the what, how, and why: (1) What is the main argument or â€Å"gist† of Crystal’s essay? (2) How does Crystal develop/ support/ illustrate this argument? (3) Why, accordingRead MoreEssay Smoking Tobacco Smoking811 Words   |  4 Pagesyouths addicted to smoking and other tobacco products. (Buenavista, 2001). 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Her use of emotionally charged phrases paired with her more logical assertions help to drive her point home while her clear bias and lack of supportive source detract from her overall argument Nestle launches into her essay and in the very first paragraph she is telling the reader all about how supermarkets manipulate theirRead MoreObesity Is An Out Of Control Epidemic2225 Words   |  9 Pagescountries. Fast food restaurants are one of the main causes due to the unhealthy, addictive food it provides to its customers. Since fast food franchises have been expanding at such a rapid rate, it now makes it harder to live a healthy dietary lifestyle. Fast food has affected many societies in positive and negative ways. Its innovation prolonged these effects and may be worse to certain societies from a health and social standpoint. Due to the increase in popularity of the fast food norm, obesityRead MoreEating Disorders and Free Essays8687 Words   |  35 Pagesï » ¿2 = 2 dfhnmxpd h Free Essays Home | Search Essays | FAQ | Guarantees | Privacy | Lost Essay? | Contact Search Results eating disorder Free Essays Unrated Essays Better Essays Stronger Essays Powerful Essays Term Papers Research Papers Search by keyword: Sort By: Your search returned over 400 essays for eating disorder. To narrow your search results, please add more search terms to your query. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [Next ] These results are sorted by most relevantRead More The Controversy of Deforestation Essay2601 Words   |  11 Pagesthat alter a forest, these are the most common. This argumentative essay discusses the positive and negative aspects of deforestation. In the first part of the essay the pro arguments of deforestation will be discussed. For example, the issue of Global population and how forests are being used, land use and the ways forests contribute, wood use, forest growth, destruction and the reasons for cutting down the trees. The second half of the essay will cover the issues that are harmful to the environmentRead More The Time Machine Essay2591 Words   |  11 Pagescontrovert one or two ideas that are almost universally accepted. The geometry, for instance, they taught you at school is founded on a misconception.’ ‘Is that not rather a large thing to expect us to begin upon?’ said Filby, an argumentative person with red hair. ‘I do not mean to ask you to accept anything without reasonable ground for it. You will soon admit as much as I need from you. You know of course that a mathematical line, a line of thickness nilRead MoreFor Against by L.G. 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No Ordinary Girl free essay sample

Ive been sitting at my computer for a good 2 hours dreading the fact that I have to write a page or so, describing my academic goals and objectives or on a subject of personal choice, which could ultimately seal my fate in my college acceptance. Ive spent most of my time reading through numerous college essays figuring out how I was going to come up with something that would separate me from thousands of applicants or even something remotely as good as the essays that I read. Let me start out by saying that I am an ordinary girl who lives in an extraordinary world. I have a great family who may not be picture perfect, but they have molded me into the successful young women that I am today. I owe a lot to not only them, but also to my friends, specifically my best friend who has been my shoulder to lean on through the ups and downs of my life. We will write a custom essay sample on No Ordinary Girl or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I owe most of everything that I have become to them. Ever sense I was in kindergarten, I have always know what I wanted to be when I grew up. For me it wasnt to be one of the Backstreet Boys girlfriends, a model, and not even a super star. It was to be a teacher. My passion for children has only gotten stronger thru the years. I want to be a positive role model in there life, and help each one of them to be a successful member of society one day. I believe that they, like my peers and I are now, are the building blocks to the future. Our whole existence will one day lie in there hands, and to be a little piece of that is what I have been waiting for my whole life. I guess I should have started by introducing myself, but theirs no time like the present. My name is Chelsea Collins. I am an intelligent, funny, and unique person. I am nothing other than myself. My whole life I have always strived to be somebody differentsomebody special. But after 18 years of life and 2 hours of writing this essay I have realized that I was striving for something that I had accomplished at birth and that I am no ordinary girl. There is no other Chelsea Collins on this earth who is just like me. Out of billions of people I somehow shine through as an individual. And if you give me the honor of accepting me to your school, I can promise you that I wont let you down.

Scene anylasis Fifth element Essay Example

Scene anylasis Fifth element Essay The movie opens with a shot of what appears as the viewer flying through an asteroid belt, then the name of the movie is revealed, cutting to the viewer hovering in space with a blue and white planet being visible above. The camera pans and rotates and an alien spaceship slowly inches itself onto the scene. We as the viewer are immediately aware that the movie that we are about to watch is based In science fiction. But looking closer, the ship that enters the frame, looks run down, ancient, almost biological, and Its making Its way towards what appears to be earth. An asteroid flickers through the black night sky backdrop, shimmering with stars, and the camera pans down towards the planet. Split seconds later we discover that the planet is, in fact, earth, and that we are in Egypt in the year 1914. Immediately we have a Juxtaposition of the old and new, the ancient mystical element and the futuristic science fiction that we were presented with moments ago. The scene continues to show a small child. No more than 10. Riding in on a donkey towards what appears to be some sort of mountain cave. This is an example of emanation speech ND dietetic sound. As the child approaches they begin to understand that it is in fact an archeological site being uncovered, something like a temple or shrine. He is greeted by other children shouting out to him. The shouting is in, what I assume is Egyptian, however it does not matter, the mannerisms of the children give us the context of what Is happening, they appear to be shouting for the kid to give them something, they are walling and you, the viewer, begin to understand that the kid riding the donkey is some sort of currier. We will write a custom essay sample on Scene anylasis Fifth element specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Scene anylasis Fifth element specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Scene anylasis Fifth element specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The kid dismounts, runs up the slanted Atari of the temple, he is beset by the other children and they manage to take from him something like a gourd, or old hide skin drinking sack. The kid runs into the cave like temple structure, passes between some columns of ancient Egyptian design, and peeks around a corner to find a man who Is examining the wall, with another man sitting In a chair, writing something. The boy uses textural speech by calling out to Aziza who is another kid who uses a large golden or brass platter to hold himself up as he appears to be asleep, counterbalancing his weight with that of the large platter. The scene shifts to the man studying the wall, and he shout to Aziza to produce light, the kid is startled awake, and we see that the platter Is using the reflection of the sun to produce light on the wall. The man sitting In the chair marks another line for what appears to be a how many times Aziza get the man examining the wall and explaining what he believes it means. We now see that he is examining symbols and hieroglyphs on the wall, he is telling Billy, whom we now assume is his assistant to make sure and draw and record their find. Billy, appearing boarded, dismisses the man and continues to draw a sailboat instead. The scene continues with an ominous hooded figure approaching behind the kid carrying the hide drinking sack, he grabs him by the shoulder startling the child. The ominous hooded man exclaims that the kid has brought the water, praises him, and sends him off on his way with gods blessings. The kid runs out and we begin to assume that this ominous hooded figure is more akin to some kind of religious priest rather than the ominous figure we thought of him mere seconds ago. The scene shifts back to the man examining the wall, whom we can now safely say s an archeologist or scholar studying ancient temples and hieroglyphs. The archeologist uses theatrical speech to explain that the symbols represent groups of people gathering around what appear to be columns of elements, fire, water, wind, and earth, and he goes on the explain that the people and elements are further gathered around one singularity in the middle, the fifth element, the supreme being. Hearing this we switch back to the priest in the hood, he pulls out a vial, asking the lord for forgives as they already know too much. Then the priest drops the vial on the lour this created scansion sound as it made known that it shattered on the hard stone floor. The feeling shifts back to us believing that this priest, is in fact, up to no good. After pouring the liquid from the vial into the hide drinking sack the hooded priest steps out from behind the pillars and makes himself visible. Again we dont know what to think as he is greeted with pleasantries from both the archeologist and Billy the assistant. They both obviously hold the hooded man in high regard and see him as a religious person calling him Father. The hooded priest approaches looking ere nervous, he is greeted by the excited archeologist who is telling him that they have found what could be the most important find in human history. In the background the indication music set a suspicious tone for the scene. Then the father nervously pours them drinks of water, looking very nervous, this leads us to believe, and among his previous statements that the water has been poisoned by whatever was in the vial he had poured in it. The archeologist continues to grow excited claiming that this find will make him famous, and the priest suggests they toast to the find. As they are about to drink the poisoned water the archeologist abruptly stops, the tension and nervous energy coming from the priest is so palatable you can almost taste it at this point. The archeologist pours the water out and exclaims that water is nothing they can toast to and sends his assistant to fetch graph, which appears to be some sort of champagne or white wine. The mood in the room suddenly switches, you can hear the children laughing and shouting outside, the room begins to dim and quickly grow dark. The pries steps towards the camera with a look of both reverence, fear, and awe exclaims that they re here. The next frame reintroduces the gigantic alien ship, and we begin to understand its size and scale, as it dwarfs the mountain temple cave, the thing is colossal. Billy the assistant has now noticed it and he is cowering in fascination and awe trying to process the sight he is beholding. The archeologist frustrated at the together, shine in from the alien ship into the temple grounds, which illuminate the room tremendously. Pleased with the light the archeologist exclaims much better to witch Aziza is dumbfounded and shocked by, and we are presented with a very amorous scene, that Juxtapositions everything we have seen so far, mysticism, history, science, religion, and of course, the science fiction. Seconds later the space ships bay doors open and several alien creatures begin to disembark, they are slow moving, large, turtle like beings covered in very gritty and old, ancient even, looking armor or space suits. Even though they seem robotic we are not sure what they are at this time, Billy franticly grabs for a pencil and begins sketching what he sees before him. The priest falls to his knees and we now know that he holds some kind of reverence towards these beings. It appears that the beings are mumbling to each other as they are entering the scene then they approach the archeologist who still has not noticed them, as he turns around and finally sees the beings, we are treated with another humorous scene, he asks are you German, to which the being in front of him shakes his head. This scene establishes the sound of the aliens. One of the beings begins to speak with the priest, it exclaims that the priest and those before him, presumably in his order, have served them well, but he states that the stones are no longer safe on earth and that war is coming. We then see another of the alien beings approach the wall that the archeologist was studying, a four pronged key like object protrudes from the beings fingertip and he pushes it into the wall to witch it opens, thus this appears to be a key, a key to opening secret passages in the temple. This scene is very interesting because we are now presented with context, however slight, to who or what these creatures are. They obviously have the key to the temple which means that they have understanding and knowledge of its design. They have either built it, or know the civilization that did, either way we understand that these beings hold some ancient knowledge about humanity and the history of our planet, if not our race. The archeologist is dumbfounded at this point he appears to be in a state of shock, exclaiming that this really is unbelievable, to which the alien creatures seem to signal each other, one of them approaches the archeologist from behind and its eyes glow, causing the archeologist to faint and fall down. This is contradicting because the aliens stated that the earth people have served them well then a few minutes later knocks out the professor unconscious with he glowing eyes. The creatures enter through the door and walk into a sort of chamber, the chamber contains four pillars surrounding one central pillar in a square, the camera zooms in on the central pillar and we begin to make out its shape, it is not a pillar at all but rather in the shape of a man with his mouth open to the sky. The priest upon witnessing the man shaped statue in the center of the chamber exclaims that it is or represents the fifth element, whatever that may be, as we still do not know. One of the aliens tells the others to take the stones, so they approach the four pillars surrounding the chamber and remove long triangular stones, one from each pillar, they place them in a trunk and their business seems to be concluded. The camera again shifts to a now terrified Billy, who quickly pulls out a gun, we can tell that he is highly stressed and scared. A couple of the aliens are seen floating beside them, they presumably take it on to their ship along with the four triangular shaped stones. In the chamber the priest nervously points out to the alien being that if they take the weapon how will we defend ourselves, and by we the rises is presumably talking about the human race. The being goes on to say that in three hundred years, when the evil returns, so shall they, and again the scene switches to a now terrified yet defensive Billy, he Jumps out from behind a wall and points the gun at the alien ship, seeing that this side is clear he runs over to the archeologist and checks to see if he is K, as he examines the now downed man, he the alien being talking to the priest from the corner of his eye. Billy shouts for them not to move and that he has the gun, the priest bravely places himself in between the UN and the alien being, he tries to explain to Billy that he must try to understand, that these beings are not here to hurt them, they are their friends. Billy in his distressed state points out that they have killed the professor, even though he has only been knocked out, there is no reason for us to believe that he has been killed, although upon reviewing the scene several times, it could go both ways, the archeologist may or may not be dead. Either way the priest tries to calm Billy down, the tells him to put the gun down and that he will explain everything, Billy refuses to sites and as he is slowly retreating backwards he stumbles over his bag and accidentally discharges his firearm. Bullets spray the alien being, the being is startled, but not hurt, however the aggression somehow caused the door to start closing, being a slow bulky creature the alien being has no time to get out of the chamber, the priest pleads for the alien being to hurry, the being tells the priest that he must pass on his knowledge to the next generation, the priest once again pleads for the alien creature to hurry, that there is still time, to which the alien being spoons time is not important only life is important. With those final words the alien being sticks out his hand and the key that opened the door protruded from the aliens fingertip, however the rest of the being is presumably crushed by the giant door and we assume that everything aside the key has been crushed. The priest grabs the key and runs out shouting at the departing alien ship, he shouts that he will fulfill his mission and he will pass on his knowledge until the day they return, and with that the aliens take off back into space, and the lengthy intro scene of The Fifth Element ends.

Abortion Clinics Should Not Be Closed Essays - Sexual Revolution

Abortion Clinics Should Not Be Closed $115 Designer Cosmetic Collection From Cosmetique -- Only $1! Abortion Clinics Should Not Be Closed In 1973, the Supreme Court's decision made it possible for women to get safe, legal abortions from well-trained medical surgeons, and therefore led to dramatic decreases in pregnancy-related injury and death ("abortion"). Now there is a new proposal to close abortion clinics. This proposal takes away the privacy rights of American women that are guaranteed by our Constitution. By closing abortion clinics the government is not only taking away women's rights, but is also punishing those whom want to exercise their right of a pro-choice woman. Abortion clinics allow thousands of women every year to have abortions. Having the abortion should be woman's personal choice. By closing these clinics, there will be no providers to perform the operation, so the choice has already been made for them. Closing the clinics will increase the barriers of having an abortion. When there are too many obstacles, the right to make their own choice is taken away from them. In 1973 the American Supreme Court ruled that Americans' right to privacy included: "the right of a woman to decide whether to have children, and the right of a woman and her doctor to make that decision without state interference" ("abortion"). The Constitution says we have a right to privacy, so taking away a woman's chance to make decisions about her own body violates that right. The American Civil Liberties Union defends the Constitution and peoples' rights.ACLU has protected the rights of abortion for women, and in recent years has argued mayor cases opposing restrictions that deny woman access to reproductive health care ("ACLU"). Policy 263 states: "The ACLU holds that every woman, as a matter of her right to the enjoyment of life, liberty, and privacy, should be free to determine whether and when to bear children."(The American Civil Liberties Union) The closure of abortion clinics will be done with the purpose to reduce the number of abortions. This raises the question whether this will be an effective method or not. Before 1973 abortions were illegal yet the number of women who sought abortions did not decrease ("abortion"). Before 1973 many thousands of women died or suffered serious medical problems after attempting to perform their own abortions, or going to untrained doctors who performed cheap abortions with uncivilized methods or in unsanitary conditions (The Abortion Law Homepage.). If clinics are closed, women will still continue to attempt, and succeed, in ending unwanted pregnancies just like before 1973. Women will risk their health and possibly even their lives. By keeping these abortions clinics open it ensures a higher probability that the women who do have abortions will be in a safe, sanitary environment, and therefore injuries will be fewer in number. If clinics are shut, the waiting lists of abortion clinics in other countries will be much longer. Women will have to wait longer to get an abortion, and will be treated later in their pregnancy which is much more dangerous for the pregnant women. Pro-life activists claim that the unborn baby is alive and has feelings when the heart begins beating. But, the heartbeat begins between the eighteenth and twenty-fifth day ("Fetus"). They also say that women who have abortions are "murderers". This problem could be solved by keeping abortion clinics open, because then the woman can be treated before the twenty fifth day when the fetus is not yet a living baby. She will not have to wait because of long waiting lists, but instead will have the abortion as soon as possible with as less psychological pain. If a woman has to travel to another country to have a legal abortion, she will have to pay more money. She will now not only have to pay for the abortion itself, but also the traveling costs and that does not include the psychological costs as well. Not all people can afford these costs. So by keeping clinics open more women will have the chance to exercise their right and have their desired abortion. If a working woman or student suddenly has to leave the country, this means she will have to think of excuses and lies for an explanation. This is not fair to the woman, she should not have to explain herself to anyone, it is her body and therefore she can do what she wants, she does not need other people's consult. Abortion clinics are not a "butcher's place" where young babies are murdered. They provide a choice for women whether or not to bring a child into this world. What

How to Write an English Term Paper

How to Write an English Term Paper The notion of a â€Å"term paper† relates to the written assignment composed by university, college or high school students over an academic term. It is aimed at summarizing the gained experience in the chosen area combined with already existing information in printed and electronic sources. To cut a long story short, a term paper is a kind of enlarged essay. You will probably need to complete several term papers during your academic career, so it would be better to master the appropriate skills while you are underclassmen. So, if you are to compose a term paper in English, this would be easier for you to divide the complete process into several phases. First of all you are to brainstorm a bit and choose the original and up-to-date topic for your term paper. Take advantage of this process unless you are limited in the topic choice by your instructor. Once you have selected and narrowed your topic, you will want to research to see what experts on the topic have to say. While getting acquainted with the works of content experts, try to take notes and highlight the points that will be cited by you in the term paper. These notes will help you to plan and structure your piece of writing at least instinctively. As soon as this process is finished, here comes the next stage: English term paper outlining. Be sure to include all the structural parts of a correctly composed term paper into yours: Introduction – where you present the general topic statement and your paper’s main points; Main Body – where you are to give the most important details and results of your investigation; Conclusion – that sets the summary of the main points expressed in the previous parts and tells the audience whether you have coped with the task of your paper. Remember about the logic in your term paper – it should capture the readers interest in your English term paper and help them to understand your main ideas better. While using the quotes from works of other researchers, you must give credit to establish the authorship – otherwise you will be guilty of plagiarizing, that is, stealing the ideas, research, and words of others. What is more, try to use only reliable and proven sources; do not resort to doubtful arguments and statements. When you complete the writing process, it is the time for proofreading and checking your English term paper. The three pillars of the â€Å"polishing† process are proofreading, spell-checking, and editing. Ensure that your paper is totally devoid of misspelling and typographical errors, as well as vocabulary and grammar mistakes before you submit it to your tutor. It really is enjoyable to read a paper that is well-written and presents the topic in the most logical way. When you need professional help with writing English papers from academic experts contact our term paper writing service. We will help with writing your term paper on any topic.

The capital structure decision and the cost of capital Research Paper - 1

The capital structure decision and the cost of capital - Research Paper Example Answer 1. Referring the balance sheet as on 5/1/2011, Source: http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=NVDA+Balance+Sheet&annual (In thousands of US dollar) Total liabilities = 1,313,784 Short term liabilities = 942,682Â   Long term liabilities = 23,389 Total Equity = 3,181,462 Market capitalization = 10.92 Billion Hence debt ratio, total liability/ (total liability + total equity) =1,313,784/ (1,313,784+3,181,462) = 29.2% Debt to equity ratio, total liabilities/total equity = 1,313,784/ 3,181,462 = 41.29% Again, debt ratio based on short term liabilities 942,682Â  / 942,682Â  + 3,181,462 = 22.85% Again, debt ratio based on long term liabilities 23,389/ 23,389 + 3,181,462 = 0.72% Debt to equity ratio based on short term liabilities 942,682/ 3,181,462 = 29.6% Debt to equity ratio based on long term liabilities 23,389/ 3,181,462 = 0.735% Answer 2 Debt to equity ratio shows how well creditors are protected. From the calculated ratios, following inferences can be made. Debt/equity ratio based on long term liability is quite low and the company Nvidia is going quite safe so far long term liability is concerned. It can also be gauged from this ratio that the company is quite conservative in exploiting the long term debt for the growth of the company. Debt/equity ratio based on short term liability is within the limits of healthy company. ... ket conditions but as market conditions improve and the company is in a position to enter new growth trajectories, the Nvidia should use more debt to finance its expansion needs instead of equity. That will help company to enhance its equity valuation in the market. Answer 3. Two companies chosen are Intel and AMD, which are also competitors to Nvidia in certain product range. A. Intel Corporation Referring, http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=INTC+Balance+Sheet&annual (as on 25 Dec, 2010) (All numbers in thousands) Total liabilities = 13,756,000 Short term liabilities = 9,327,000 Long term liabilities = 4,929,000 (calculated by difference from total and short term liabilities) Total Equity = 49,430,000 Market capitalization = 119.30 Billion (as on 5/27/2011) Hence debt ratio, total liability/ (total liability + total equity) = 13,756,000/ (13,756,000+49,430,000) = 21.77% Debt to equity ratio, total liabilities/total equity = 13,756,000/49,430,000 = 27.82% B. AMD Referring, http://financ e.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=AMD+Balance+Sheet&annual (as on 25 Dec, 2010) (All numbers in thousands) Total liabilities = 3,951,000 Short term liabilities = 1,674,000 Long term liabilities = 2,277,000 (calculated by difference from total and short term liabilities) Total Equity = 1,013,000 Market capitalization = 5.83 Billion (as on 5/27/2011) Hence debt ratio, total liability/ (total liability + total equity) = 3,951,000/ (3,951,000+1,013,000) = 79.6% Debt to equity ratio, total liabilities/total equity = 3,951,000/1,013,000 = 390% Summing up, the debt-equity ratio of all the three companies are found to be as per the following. Nvidia – 29.60% Intel – 27.82% AMD – 390% It is seen that debt-equity ratio of Intel and Nvidia are more or less in the same range but AMD is operating on very high

Organisational behaviour and performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisational behaviour and performance - Essay Example As a leader, he /she should be able to influence the conduct and behavior of the team members to the interest of the organization. According to Impact Achievement group (2011), the main resource that any manager should have to manage the performance of other junior workers or employees is their influence and time. Influence is the ability to motivate the employees in the company by use of power. The potential of the person to influence is the social power. Moreover, social power is the resources or the ability that enables a manager to create commitment and compliance from others (Gareth, 2012). The paper reviews how managers can use power and politics to help them in achieving the objective of the organization. According to Steven (2012), power is a means of facilitating the managers to achieve goals and is the capacity of the manager to influence decisions and actions of the work. Managers use power as a way of influencing the subordinates to attain the objectives of the company. In other words, it is a means of getting things done through other people. In the article of the National Defense University (2013), the two main sources of power mostly used by the managers are the position power and personal power. In many formal settings, there are laid down structures on how power flows as per the positions held. The manager or the holder of the position receives or access power based on his or her position in the hierarchy of the organization. Such power is called legitimate power (Impact Achievement group, 2011). Unlike the other forms of power, which the manager can use to achieve the objective of the company in increasing the market share of the company, legitimate power has authority and is universally accepted by everyone in the company (Meyer, 2005). The manager as the team leader is given the power to influence performance. In achievement of the company objectives, to increase the market share of the company,

Do nuclear weapons lead to peace or to war Essay

Do nuclear weapons lead to peace or to war - Essay Example Many of the states, which possess such weapons, only use them for deterrence purposes and this has created a situation where all the powers, which have nuclear weapons, are at a stalemate (Waltz 1990, P.731). The ownership of nuclear weapons has since its beginnings, been an extremely controversial issue in the world, with many of the countries, which do not possess them claiming that it, is unfair for those, which do to have such weapons. Others have taken matters into their own hands and, defying the countries that have such weapons; have chosen to go ahead with their own nuclear programs (Rubin, 2006). The ownership of nuclear weapons is considered a source of prestige for the countries, which possess them, and it is for this reason that many still hold on to their arsenals while others are aspiring to develop their own. Over the last two decades or so, there has developed a debate concerning whether the possession of nuclear weapons is a deterrence to war, and that it is the reas on why no major wars have taken place in recent history. Quite a number of people believe that the possession of nuclear weapons is one of the reasons why there has not been a third world war, since all of the most powerful states that would be involved in the war are armed with nuclear weapons. The lessons learnt from Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Roberts, 2012) seem to be extraordinarily fresh in the minds of those who make national policies and it is because of this that these weapons have come to be used, not for offensive purposes, but for peace. There is a belief that if a third world war were to take place, then it would be a nuclear war, and the devastation which such a war would cause would probably lead to the end of humanity as we know it. The horror of such an occurrence is something, which many people would not like to picture and because of this many states that possess nuclear weapons, keeps them under a tight leash (Donnelly, 2012). Even those states, which are considered most unstable, such as North Korea, do not use the weapons in their possession for any other purposes other than that of deterrence because of the recognition that to use them otherwise would be disastrous. One of the best cases that can be studied, when considering the possession of nuclear weapons as a means towards peace, is the Cold War. The Cold war came up because of the competition on a global scale of the world’s two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union. There was a great fear in the United States of the Soviet Union’s ambition to spread the ideology of communism, which it followed, worldwide and this was not acceptable to the American government. In response, the American government chose to shore up those regimes which were allied to it all over the world not only financially but also militarily to ensure that they combated the potential communist forces and parties which were to come up against them (Mueller 2002, P.172). Moreover, the Soviet Union was very fearful of the American acquisition of nuclear weapons and this led to its rush to build up its own arsenal, causing a nuclear arms race between these two states. While this may have been the case, none of these states used their weapons against the other. It is quite possible that the Cold War will have resulted in a world war, which would have pitted the United States

Functional Area Of An Organisation Information Technology Essay

Functional Area Of An Organisation Information Technology Essay There are a variety of functional areas in a structured business enterprise, depending upon its size and nature of service. Here in the Medication management System can be viewed in a broader manner as hospital is not the only one entity. The manufacturer, vendors, receiving staff, prescribing doctors, pharmacists, nurses and the clients are all involved and thus an integrated system is to be ultimately developed which benefits all users of the system at different levels. The information system does mean not only the software, but also the hardware, users and other related systems. So our objective is to identify all the functional areas of the organization as a whole and to develop a cost-effective and efficient system which would minimize the human drug dispensing errors and reduce the mortality rate in turn. For this we need to have a clear understanding about the different systems at different levels like manufacturer, vendor and hospital. Information needs within functional area of an organisation. Organisations have a number of people working together towards a definite objective, although they work in different functional areas. One output of one functional area can be the input of another area and the accurate timely information is necessary to get an error free result. Organisations completely depend on the information systems and advanced technologies which makes them excel and efficient. Functional areas of organisations are defined according to the type and nature of work that is involved in a department. The main functional areas of each and every organisation are listed below: Human Resource: Human resource management is one of the most important yet often underestimated aspects in the organizational operation. It basically is the operating system of the whole organization that makes sure that it run smoothly, coordination and cooperation takes place regularly and finally makes sure that everyone within the organization is satisfied with the working conditions. Superficially, it is supposed to do day to day tasks like recruitment, training payroll processing etc. but actually the scope for HRM is much more than that. Especially in the highly competitive markets of today, they can play a pivotal role in building a highly performing and competitive firm by nurturing and enhancing the skills of the employees and ensuring cooperation. This is a functional area where various personnel who administer and handle the drug are interviewed and selected. Financial Area: This functional area analyses various financial aspects of the employees and keeps track of the accounts receivable and payables. The financial advisors must plan in advance regarding the future financial objectives of the company. In order to achieve the desire profits. The finance department need to maintain the financial records in order to show these accounts while paying the tax. And another key function of finance department is to calculate the salary and payroll system which is the main function of finance department. Accounts are maintained for different vendors for which internal auditors and accountants are employed. Marketing and Sales: In this competitive world the organisation cannot survive without marketing the products. Organisation is investing a huge amount of money in order to market the products through different channels like television, radio and other medias. So that people came to know about the products and will buy the companys products. Nowadays the competition is really high; the companies are forced to give discounts and other promotional activities like holidays and gifts to push their sales. To conclude with, marketing is also a key part in achieving companys objectives. Production: Production is one of the main functional areas of a business organisation. All the products of a business organisation are developing under this functional area. The staffs under this functional area should enquire all the products should develop at the right time and the products have good quality. The organisation should buy good quality raw materials. These raw materials will be stored near to production area. Nowadays most of the productions are automatically with the help of robots and other machines. The operator need to check only the production line is correct or not. Production is also involves preparing items for despatch. The items should packed cleanly and very attractively. In this stage, the bar code system can be incorporated which should specify its batch number, product code/name, packing, lot number, date of manufacture, chemical combination, type of meds, route of administration, dosage.etc Customer Service: Customer service is the one of the most important functional area of organisation. This includes functions like answering the clients enquiries about the product and services, provide well information about the customers need, solving clients problems, Provide service after sales which include replace, repair etc, dealing with the problems of customer, analysis the problems of customer and store these problems etc. Comparison between the functional areas and information needed for each functional area Functional Area Functions and information needed for functional areas Human Resource The main functions of this functional area are recruitment, training, payroll etc. The information needed for this functional area are the information about the employees, their salary, about new vacancies, about new applications, employees in payroll, attendance, absence and overtime detailsetc. . Financial Area The main functions of Financial area are calculate the salary of employees, checking payrolls, recording money received, produce invoices, checking the payments received and chasing the overdue payments etc. In this functional area should have the information about income of company, expense of the company, salary of each and every staff,times sheet of work, attendance and overtime detailsetc. They also need to have the customers bills details, payment received and bills payable details to the vendors. Marketing and Sales The main functions of this functional area are Market the products through different channels like radio, mail television, producing publicity materials of their products such as catalogues etc., designing and promoting the website of company. This functional area should have the information about new trend of market, in what way the company can get maximum product, which is the good way to publish their product in market, in what way the company can improve their sales etc. Production The main functions of this functional area are buying raw materials, storing the raw materials, planning the production schedule, Checking quality of product throughout the production, packing the items cleanly and beautifully, storing the items very safely. The information needed for this functional area are list of available raw materials, Combination formula, Machinery and manpower availability, Quantity of each product to be manufactured which in turn is reported by the feedback from sales and marketing area, product details like batch number, packingetc. Customer Service The main functions of this functional are answering clients enquiries about products, solve clients problems, dealing with the problems of customer, analysis the problems of customer and store these problems etc. This functional area should have the information about what range of customer they have, the customers are satisfied with their product or not, what are the customers need for a particular product etc. Information needed for medical management system The medical management system is a complex system involving the manufacturer, hospital, and the administrator of medicines. Therefore, a well defined data flow has to be clearly identified. Identification of appropriate data that is involved in each system is a key factor for the success of this system. Several data are needed for the proper functioning of the system. First of all, the details about the following are absolutely necessary. 1) Prescription details 2) Product details 3) Patient details 4) Administering persons details. 5) The medical staff 6) The vendors of medicine INFORMATION SYSTEMS Different types of Information Systems An information system is a combination of hardware, software procedures used to generate information which is used to administer and control the day to day activities of users in an organisation. It consists of five categories. A) Office Information Systems (OIS) B) Transaction Processing System (TPS) C) Management Information System (MIS) D) Decision support system (DSS) E) Expert System (ES) Office Information System (OIS) It is a kind of information system that depends on hardware, software and networks to provide communication solutions and working efficiency among a staffs in an organisation. Office Information System is also known as Office Automation. In this kind of an environment the data processing is done electronically instead of manually hard copying it. For example In an organisation with several branches if a new line is released it can be updated through the OIS over the network. If they dont use OIS they would have to manually process it and post it to its branches. Transaction Processing System (TPS) TPS is a form of information system that records and processes transaction done in an organisation on each day. A transaction can be an order, a payment, reservation or a cancellation. TPS generally uses two type of transaction processing. a) Batch Processing b) Online Transaction Processing In a batch processing all the transactions are collected during the day and its processed as a group or a batch at the end of the day. In online Transaction Processing the transaction is processed as soon as it is entered into the system. In batch processing the invoice cannot be generated then and there. But in OLTP the invoices can be generated then and there. Management Information System (MIS) In an organisation various tasks are performed on a day to day basis which involves invoicing, monitoring track progress, generating sales reports etc. An MIS is a kind of information system that generates accurate daily reports. So the authorities of the organisation can monitor and track the overall performance of the company by making decisions, solving problems and watch the track progress. This process is usually done by a type of MIS known as Management Reporting System. For example in an organisation when a sale is done the product which is being sold is first entered into the system, invoice generated and finally the product being deducted from the inventory. These data helps the managers to take decisions in improving the overall company performance. Decision Support System (DIS) A Decision Support System is used to help the staff in an organisation to take decisions when a complicated situation arises. This system collects data from within the organisation and from external sources such as the internet to help the staff in decision making. This information system needs to store huge volumes of data. These data as store in large databases called data warehouses. The data warehouse stores and manages the data required to help the staff in complicated situation. Expert System (ES) In an expert system the machine (computer) collects information and the knowledge from human beings and helps in the decision making process of the people who have less expertise and experience. They mainly use a technology known as AI (Artificial Intelligence). AI is the process of applying human intelligence to computer systems. An AI computer can sends problems and deliver expert opinion by analysing the users previous experience datas aiding to take a decision and complete the task. Office Information System is used to almost all the areas of an organisation wherever administration needs to be done. Transaction Processing System Financial Area Management Information system- HR Decision support Information system- Customer Service Expert System- RD The current trends in using MMS to solve the problems facing HHS As far as healthcare is concerned patient data is the most crucial and sensitive data. In the current situation the patients data is manually entered into a branch where thy walk. If the patient walks into a different hospital the treatment data is either e- mailed or a hardcopy is carried from the previous branch to the new branch. This procedure has some advantages than the old systems. If the patient carrying is carrying a hardcopy the data will not get destroyed or damaged unless carelessly treated by the customer himself. If the customers diagnostic data is e- mailed to the next branch the data will reach the new branch without any hassle and in seconds. In this case the customer need not carry a physical hardcopy of the files. These techniques will help the HHS introducing incomplete reports, wrong medical history and even patient deaths. INFORMATION PROCESSING TOOLS Various Software Tools Text processors Text processors are specific software, which comes as a part of the big software that is used to process documents, prepare presentation, and manipulate accounts and mange a database. One of the famous text processor software is Microsoft Office. It contains Word for document processing, Excel for processing spread sheets, Access for managing databases and Power point for preparing presentations. In an organisation preparing presentations for meetings, issuing invoices to patients, maintain accounts and managing patients database is crucially important. If Microsoft office can be used in such an organisation all these requirements can be met. Databases In medical environment, patient history is very important for the treatment of the patient. In a medical organisation software such as Microsoft Access can be used to store patient information. But Access cannot be used in a network and does not have much functionality and cannot be customised according to the needs of the organisation. In such a case specifically designed software can be used to manage all these functions. Client Server In a hospital there are different departments and functional areas, each requiring its on computer systems. A patient who is being treated for and ailment will be referred from one department to the other. So the staffs need to carry the reports and the data from every department from where the patient was treated as a hardcopy which is a big headache. In that case implementing client server architecture will be beneficial. In this architecture all the computers in every department will be connected to a centralised server which will store all the patients and database records. So if a patient is referred from one department to the other the next department can access the treatment history through the server. For this purpose the server and the clients need to have customised software. Current Information method used in HHS Currently the HHS uses a network blast infrastructure for data management. If a patient walks in to a hospital the patients ID and the treatment procedure is entered on to a system and then the prescription is given. When the patient walks into a different branch the details of the treatment from the previous branch is e-mailed to the new hospital for references. But as this information are stored and processed by computers errors can happen at any time, such as data lose, virus attacks, missing information, and incomplete reports and so on. The doctor who treated the patient primarily will exactly know what the patient is suffering from and about his vital statistics better than the latter one. As data a critical in a hospital these errors can cost a patient his/her life. In earlier times the information was processed as a hard copy which is given to the patient upon the completion of the treatment. If the patient loses this information his life is again at stake. The current proces sing methods need to be refined so that no patients will die in the future due to overdoses or incomplete report. The most modern method Information is very important and critical in todays world. In hospitals barcode technology is taking over the traditional information processing methods. In barcode technology the patient is given a wrist band upon being admitted in the hospital. The wrist band will have a unique patient ID which is in the form of a barcode. I.e. each patient is given a unique barcode. Software will be used to generate the barcode and will store the treatment data and the details of the staff and the doctor who worked with the patient throughout the treatment. The staff of the concern will also carry identification badges which will have unique IDs. When the patient is being given a medication by the staff it will be recorded into the system who gave the medicine, the type of medicine and the time. For this first off all the staff scans and enters their barcode into the machine then the patients barcode and finally the code on the drug. The doctors prescription will be entered into the system before the medicine is given. If there is a change in the medicine the system will sent out distress alarms to prevent misuse of the drug, thereby saving the patient and the staff http://www.teachmebusiness.co.uk/page29/page16/page18/assets/Functionalareas.pdf

Exile :: essays research papers

Controversy of the Exile   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After reading 2 Kings 25 and the two articles, the main source of contrast between these two sourcs is the amount of detail they go into on different aspects of the Exile. The Biblical reading mentions King Nebuchadnezzar and his capture of King Zedekiah, the efforts of General Nebuzaradan and his detailed destruction and pillaging of Jerusalem and the Temple, the capturing and execution of Judah’s chief officers and priests, Judah’s revolt against Gedaliah and fleeing to Egypt, and the benevolence King Evil-merodach of Babylon demonstrated towards Jehoiachin. The articles, however, mentioned nothing of to do with any of these circumstances. They concentrated, instead, on the life in Judah during the Exile.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Biblical picture of life in Judah during the Exile was expressed in only a few verses. One states, “But the poorest of the people were left to farm the land (2 Kings 25:12).'; This gives us little information to work with, and all that can be assumed is that not many people were left in Jerusalem, and those that were, farmed. Whether they farmed for themselves, or for Babylon cannot be reasonably determined from this one verse. Later on, we see that some underground guerrilla forces were also left in Judah as they assassinated Gedaliah and fled to Egypt. Other than this, we know nothing from 2 Kings 25 about life in Judah during the Exile. The articles, however, give us much more light into life in Judah during these times. Graham illustrates that the people that worked in Jerusalem, Mozah, and Gibeon during the Exile were primarily vinedressers and plowmen. 2 Kings 25 does not give us enough information to have known that people worked in these three ci ties. Their work, however, was not for themselves, but for the greater power of Babylon, as can be illustrated in an engraving on a jar that read, “belonging to the lord'; in reference to the work done by the people for the Babylonian king. This, also, was not explicitly illustrated in 2 Kings 25. The king of Babylon collected the goods produced and used them to better the Babylonian economy and the royal crown. Governor Gedaliah also was expected to have overseen people of Judah work to produce wine, fruit, and oil for Babylon. Outside Benjamin, people worked to make perfume, especially balm, for the royal crown of Babylon. The insight Graham gives us into the work done at Mizpah stresses an important point that 2 Kings 25 leaves out.

Providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions in the World Essay

An investigation on the feasibility of different techniques for providing fresh water to arid regions in the world. Located in a semi-arid zone, South Africa is one of the thirty driest countries in the world with limited water resources, which are unevenly distributed. In this country, five million people of the population have no access to safe drinking water and nearly fifteen million lack basic sanitation. The lack of drinking water is a serious problem, since there are more than 1.6 million children under five years whom die every year worldwide.(the water project 2012). This report will assess the feasibility of different techniques for providing drinkable water to South Africa. It will also present different options suitable for arid regions, looking to improve their water resources comparing them, and then concluding by pointing out which is the most feasible and efficient technique. BACKGROUND From apartheid to epidemics such as aids or tuberculosis, South Africa has experienced several disasters. Now it has to face a new crisis: an abundance of drinkable water. In fact there is several reasons to explain this water crisis. Firstly, the climate change has affected the water supply as rain has become increasingly scarce. For instance â€Å"in Durban the dams are 20 per cent lower than at the start of 2010†. (the water projet) Moreover, the problem of pollution rages; in fact, mining plants in South Africa throw all their toxic and radioactive waste in African rivers. They dump highly toxic substances such as mercury, arsenic and uranium in the river, as it is toxic and reacts violently with water, once in it the water will be contaminated. The water will therefore have a highly acidic pH of 2.2 (pH level close to that of a lemon). For instance, Wonderfontein Spruit River, one of the largest rivers in South Africa is extremely polluted due to the 50 tons of uranium mi ning plants have dumped into the river. Likewise, Lake Robinson, a fishing lake, has today a uranium concentration of 16mg/L due to toxic waste; (the guardian). consequently more than 1.6 million people die each year.(waterwise2012) DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS: 1. Setting up Tidal power plants to purify water which could be installed in the Atlantic Ocean, located next to South Africa; these tidal power plants derive their energy from the force of the tide. With this process, when the water is raised energy is produced, the water could then be filtered through a filtering system (reverse osmosis). Through this, these plants will not only produce energy from a renewable energy source, but also filter the polluted water. (inventors.about.2012) 2. Excavation of a groundwater is another solution to provide a fresh water supply. This resource, which makes up 15 per cent of the drinkable water in South Africa, represents an important source of water. It can provide water to more than 400 cities (water.dwa.gov). In over 90% of the country, it occurs in hard rocks, which have no pore spaces, and it is powered by the infiltration of rainwater (Anthonyturton). This is acquired by drilling a bore, which is then fitted with a pipe into the aquifer, pum ping the water to the surface (gwd, 2012). In addition, it is high quality water, as a layer of clay that acts as a filter protects it. 3. Measuring and monitoring water quality†¨is also a great way to make sure the water in the country are usable. It helps limit and suppress the release of toxic and radioactive waste into the rivers of Africa. The government must put in place measures prohibiting any discharge that may contaminate the water. To achieve this, the government must find an alternative solution for the toxic waste dumped into the rivers such as collection center set up in order to collect the waste and possibly even recycle the waste. If this is done, then many of the rivers and lakes in South Africa will be clean again and could become a clean water resource once again. COMPARISON AND VIABILITY OF THE DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS 1. Setting up power plants is another solution that could be used. The tidal power plants provide an almost inexhaustible amount of water, thus sufficient not only for the entire population but also for its agricultural and industrial sectors. Moreover, since these plants use renewable energy and non-polluting, it reduces the concentration of pollution added to the water. However, the implementation of these tidal power plants is expensive and therefore need investment from the government and organizations, which might not be able to provide (Elmelech 2006). However, the invention of new â€Å"nanotechnology† can reduce expenditures and promote the installment. (Polyzou 2010) 2. Excavation of groundwater: The groundwater does not pollute as easily as other water sources. Indeed, according to Carr and Neary it may take years to be able to pollute the reserve’s groundwater. However, the ground has disadvantages as the amount of water, which is not renewable. In fact, the majority of groundwater has been charged over the previous periods, in different climates. As fossil fuels were created under conditions that have not existed for a long time, this â€Å"freshwater fossil† is considered non-renewable. Thus, once aquifers have declined they will cease to be a resource because they will not charge in the future. (groundwater.org) 3. Monitoring or measuring water quality develop†¨enacted anti-pollution measures is a solution that doesn’t require great expenditures. Indeed, water already exists and is eager not to be polluted, to be drunk. But in a developing country, like South Africa, the corruption, which is everywhere, prevents the compliance with these measures. CONLUSION To conclude, the water crisis, which rages in South Africa, is due to human activities. To cope, the country has several alternatives such as set up power plants, excavation of a groundwater or monitoring or measuring water quality. All these options, which have the same aim: to provide fresh water, present advantages but also inconveniences. In one hand, the reserve of groundwater may be out of stock due to the growth of population and the insufficiency of water. However, on other hand, the installment of tidal power plants can be a surprisingly costly project. The best solution seems to implement protocol against pollution of fresh water, as it’s effective, practical, and not an expensive way. REFERENCES: 1. The Water Project.(2012).Water In Crisis – Spotlight South Africa.[online] Available at: < http://thewaterproject.org/water-in-crisis-south-africa.php> [Accessed 24 November 2012]. 2. Waterwise.(2012).Water Wise – Causes of Water Pollution. [online] Available at: [Accessed 20 November 2012]. 3. gwd. (2012). Ground water division of GSSA. [Online] Available at: < http://www.environment.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/153332/UMCCC_Groundwater_Factsheet.pdf> . [Accessed 23 November 2012]. 4. Bellis.M. How Tidal Power Plants Work. [online] Available at: [Accessed 11 November 2012]. 5. Woodford.A and Rosewarne.P. (2012). HOW MUCH GROUNDWATER DOES SOUTH AFRICA HAVE?. [Online] Available at: < http://www.anthonyturton.com/admin/my_ documents/my_files/SRK_Woodfood_How_much_Groundwater_does_SA_have.pdf > [Accessed 16 November 2012]. 6. Polyzou.E. Willigness to pay for drinking water quality improvement and the the influence of social capitall. [Online] Available at: < http://www.liv.ac.uk/libraby/e-books.htlm > [Accessed 12 November 2012]. 7. Elimelech.M.(2005). The global challenge for adequate and safe water. [Online] Available at: < [Accessed 10 November 2012]. 8. Carr,G. and Neary.J (2008).water quality for ecosystem and human health. [Online] Available at: < http://www.unep.org/gemswater/Portals/24154/publications/pdfs/water_quality_human_health.pdf > [Accessed 18 November 2012]. 9. Groundwater.org.what is the groundwater?. [Online] Available at: < http://www.groundwater.org/kc/whatis.html> [Accessed 17 November 2012]. 10. Dwa.gov. Background of the NORAD Assisted Programme on the Sustainable Development of Groundwater Sources under the Community Water and Sanitation Programme in South Africa. [Online] Available at: < http://www.dwa.gov.za/Groundwater/norad.aspx> [Accessed 17 November 2012].

A Comparison of To Kill a Mockingbird and The Withered Arm Essay Example

A Comparison of To Kill a Mockingbird and The Withered Arm Essay Example A Comparison of To Kill a Mockingbird and The Withered Arm Paper A Comparison of To Kill a Mockingbird and The Withered Arm Paper Essay Topic: In Love and Trouble Stories of Black Women Literature To Kill a Mockingbird Thomas Hardy wrote The Withered Arm in 1874, and Harper Lee wrote To Kill a Mockingbird in 1960. In both texts outsiders form the basis of the plot. The dictionary definition of an outcast, or outsider, is a person who is rejected or excluded from a social group. There are many causes that make people outcasts: class, colour, disability, or any difference from the majority of the social group in which they are supposedly meant to be included. In each text, outsiders are presented as people with obvious differences from the norm for example, in The Withered Arm, Rhoda is presented as an outsider by Their course lay apart from the others, to a lonely spot. This immediately shows that other people see Rhoda and her illegitimate son as outsiders, or that they isolate themselves from society and this makes them outsiders. This isolation from society is also shown by the Radley family in To Kill a Mockingbird. Both Rhoda and the Radley family choose to separate themselves from other people, but for different reasons. Rhoda does it because of her son and the rumours that surround her, whereas the Radley family stays away from Maycomb life for religious reasons so busy worrying about the next world theyve never learned to live in this one. In the later stages of the book, Scout is seen as an outsider by Jem and Dill this is shown by the quote He was now positively allergic to my presence in public. The role outsiders play in each of the texts varies. They can provide valuable insights into the attitudes and opinions of other characters; they can highlight prejudice; they increase tension and interest and help develop the storylines. For example, the abuse aimed at Tom Robinson shows us how prejudiced the majority of Maycombs society is. In The Withered Arm, the townsfolk are quite sympathetic towards Rhoda Tis hard for she, which shows us that Farmer Lodge is seen as a bad character in the book. Both these factors add to Gertrudes plight. Gertrude is isolated by her class and her disability. This heightens Rhodas guilt and adds tension to the text. Also, it strengthens the relationship between Gertrude and Rhoda, making it even more dramatic when Gertrude realizes that it was Rhoda that cast the curse on her arm. The Withered Arm is set in the early 19th century, whereas To Kill a Mockingbird is set in the 1930s. Class has a big effect on how characters in the texts behave, think and say. The classes in The Withered Arm are defined by material wealth and status, and could almost be compared to a caste system. In To Kill A Mockingbird, the class distinctions are defined by colour or gender. This generally aims to make the readers feel sympathy towards the outsiders, because (hypothetically) all men and women are equal in our multicultural society. These differences also shock and sometimes anger the reader for example, the verdict in Tom Robinsons trial, although expected, still evokes anger because of the injustice and prejudice towards the outsider. Harper Lee aims to shock and increase tension for the reader, but Thomas Hardy shows less of this. I think this because of the time differences between the texts. Harper Lee purposely set the novel in the 1930s for this reason, whereas Thomas Hardy does not move the time period, so, at the time the text was written, the prejudice in the book would have been seen as normal. The Withered Arm bases its tension on superstition, which the literate people of the early 19th century would have been suspicious of. In The Withered Arm, pre-1900 language is used for example twill, whereas in To Kill a Mockingbird, modern language is used. Both texts use dialects an example in The Withered Arm would be He hant spoke, and an example in To Kill a Mockingbird would be moseyin along. This adds realism to the texts and shows the place and time period of the setting. It also shows the class and, sometimes, the colour of the person speaking. Both texts use some very delicate and beautiful similes to describe women, such as like the light under a heap of rose petals and like soft teacakes with frostings of sweet talcum. The first simile is used to describe Gertrude; it portrays her young, fresh complexion, and I think the rose petals could show the softness of her skin. The second simile seems to refer to much older ladies, because of the reference to teacakes. It can also be linked to the quote it was a tired old town, because Scout feels she is bored of Maycomb to her everything seems too old and slow Atticus was feeble he was nearly 50. The description in The Withered Arm is delivered by Hardys voice, and because of this the vocabulary is very sophisticated for instance dark countenance. However, in To Kill a Mockingbird, the description uses simple vocabulary, because it is the voice of Scout. These different techniques give different impressions to the reader. Hardy creates detailed images with very few words, but Lee shows a realistic childhood view of the events in Maycomb with her use of vocabulary. Superstition forms the main source of prejudice in The Withered Arm, but in To Kill a Mockingbird, colour and race form the major source of discrimination. Both the settings in the texts are quite similar. Both texts are set in small towns that are geographically isolated I feel this is because it helps move the storyline along people only enter the text if they have a purpose in the text. This also makes both communities in the texts introverted. I think this helps the reader to get to know all the characters well. It also helps show the relationships between them. We also know that, if a character is introduced later on in the book, they will have a role to play in the plot. Rhoda Brook is initially shown as a thin worn milkmaid. This immediately shows the reader of her physical appearance and class. We also know that she is middle aged made her dark eyes seem handsome anew and that she was beautiful when she was younger. This also refers to her past involving her affair with Farmer Lodge and her illegitimate son. There is some evidence to her being a witch, though she does not know it or wish this to be so something greater in the occult world than she had ever herself suspected. In certain ways, Rhoda Brook can be compared to Boo Radley. Both characters are isolated by imposing male figures (Boos father and Farmer Lodge), then isolate themselves Boo because of his hermit-like ways, Rhoda because of her illegitimate child. Both characters are feared by society, and both are subjected to rumours. However, there is some evidence that Rhoda does have supernatural powers; whereas Scout fears Boo because of stories she has heard from Jem and adults. Boo adds fear and tension to the beginning of the novel, but as Scout grows older, she fears him less, and when she finally meets him she feels no fear at all Hello Boo. I feel this relationship could also represent, or be a result of, Scouts changing outlook on the world. As she learns more about the Tom Robinson trial, and listens to people like Atticus and Ms Maudie, the influences on her life become much less prejudiced and her attitude towards other outsiders in the book changes. She refers much more to Atticus philosophy: You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view, which increases her empathy with outsiders in the text. Rhoda Brook can also be compared to Gertrude Lodge, because both characters suffer a great amount of pain in The Withered Arm. They both struggle unsuccessfully to gain Farmer Lodges love. Neither manages to actually do this, although both go to great lengths to try to win his love. I think that both Rhoda and Gertrude suffer almost continually throughout the storyline, which is ironic as they cause most of each others suffering. I feel that Hardys portrayal of the suffering of the characters is quite sarcastic and cynical, because both characters never win Lodges love and both come to unhappy ends Gertrudes death and the death of Rhodas son. After reading the story it is obvious that suffering and unrequited love are themes in the text. This love is present in both the characters. At the start of The Withered Arm, Gertrude is described as having a face as comely as a live dolls and being A lady complete. This immediately lets the reader know of her social status and her beauty. She is very young almost, indeed, a girl and very attractive in both body and nature kindly innocent. Farmer Lodge seems only to love her for her looks my pretty Gertrude, and this is further proven when her looks begin to fade and the curse begins to take hold. As soon as Rhoda learns about Gertrude, she tries to learn as much as possible about her. I feel that this is because she wants to compare herself to her. She interrogates her son on Gertrudes appearance see if she is dark or fair although she is too proud to view her herself. At first she is interested in Gertrude purely for jealousy but her views change after she becomes friends with Gertrude. After Rhodas dream, she feels immense guilt because of Gertrude. She is remorseful and angry with herself because she harboured such feelings towards Gertrude, which unconsciously caused this ailment she did not wish to inflict pain. Rhoda is torn between two feelings her feeling of bitterness towards her rival and deep repentance towards her friend. She also has trouble with her adoration of Gertrude, the light, and what her secret heart feels: unconscious usurpation. This need to take control because her successor had rendered impossible any reparation between her and Lodge is not obvious to Rhoda in her conscious mind; however, her dreams shows us of this deep resentment towards any rival for Lodges love. As Gertrudes arm slowly shrivels, she is caused mental pain as well as physical. She is seemingly discarded by Farmer Lodge, which seems to have also happened to Rhoda during her previous affair with him. I feel that this conveys how alike Gertrude and Rhoda are, which leads the reader to believe that the story shall take form in much the same way Gertrude losing his affection. She is annoyed at her husbands lack of enthusiasm for trying to cure her arm. This leads to Gertrude becoming isolated from her husband by experimenting with every quack remedy she came across and bottles, packets and ointment pots. It becomes an obsession for Gertrude, more so after all her attempts fail miserably at achieving her goal, turning her into an irritable, superstitious women. In this section of the text, Gertrude is blinded from Farmer Lodges detestation of her condition, showed by the prosiness of their marriage. It also becomes apparent from hearing how Gertrude has grown out of favour with her husband. This is reinforced when he promised her a ladies horse in one of the stables when they were wed but never bought one. I feel that the fact she has to ride a draught animal rather than a ladies horse shows her changing outlook on her life. She feels that by marrying Lodge she would have had a good life, but that she is now saddled with a cursed arm and an isolated lifestyle. I feel that Hardy wanted to create a short story that was filled with excitement and tension, but that was of no great consequence. Harper Lee, however, wanted to put across many of her own ideas through characters, such as Scout, and wanted people to learn from her book. There is much excitement and tension in To Kill a Mockingbird, but in The Withered Arm, the excitement is much more concentrated, because of the shortness of the text. This creates very different effects in the two storylines. To Kill a Mockingbird is very subtle, bringing outsiders in gradually and hinting at different ideas before coming to a culmination (the trial). The Withered Arm introduces the two main outsiders very quickly, as they play major roles in the development of the plot. The outsiders in To Kill a Mockingbird are still very important and play a key role in developing the plot, but are generally not seen as major roles. Conjuror Trendle is an outsider that can be, in some ways, compared to Tom Robinson. Both characters are isolated from society. Conjuror Trendle is isolated because of the superstitions surrounding witchcraft in the early 19th century, and also geographically she nearly got lost on the heath. Tom is isolated because of his colour, his disability, and the fact that he lives in the slums (black peoples housing of the period). Both characters are very helpful, and will do jobs for nothing. Higher-class members of society use them for their skills. This makes Trendle and Tom quite similar underneath, though not so upon the surface. Trendle can also be compared to Boo, because both are outsiders that shape the final outcomes of the storylines. Both outcomes relate strongly to the social and historical contexts of the plots, and both seem to have morals. In The Withered Arm I feel that one of the main morals is treat others as you would like to be treated because Rhoda is punished for her malicious intent with the unneeded death of her son. Gertrude is also punished for her wishing for a person to die Oh I hope not (for the hanging not to go ahead), even when she knows that the person is innocent, with her own death. In To Kill a Mockingbird I think that the main moral is, of course, Atticus philosophy, which is based on the idea of empathy. From this empathy, Scout learns to be honest, kind and unprejudiced to everyone she meets. Scout also learns how to be a lady, but this is more to do with Alexandra teaching her about etiquette rather than specific morals in the plot. Both texts use pathetic fallacy: weather was unusually warm and the wind howled dismally. However, Harper uses hot weather to show tension, whereas Hardy uses wind and wet weather. This shows the climate differences in the texts, but it also shows the different preferences in the authors styles of writing. Hardy shows an omniscient approach in the description. Because he is the narrator (no character is used), he knows everything that is going to happen in the plot. Harper uses a character to tell the story, which makes it harder to predict what is going to happen, but makes the reader feel more included in the action. The vocabulary used is also much easier to understand, which allows the text to be read by a much wider range of readers. One author is male and the other female, but both use females as the main characters we see things mainly from a female perspective. The hangman can be compared to Dolphus Raymond in some ways. Both characters live away from normal society, and both give normal people reasons for their seclusion: Raymond pretends to drink and the hangman is labeled as a hermit. Raymond is seen as a degrading person in Maycomb society, but Davies is admired. I think this is because of the way people enjoyed hang fair(s) during that period and is also shown through the admiration for the rope Tis sold by the inch. Both Miss Caroline and Aunt Alexandra are physical outsiders in To Kill a Mockingbird, but they are also quite different. Aunt Alexandra fits into Maycomb life very well for example, she is part of the Missionary Circle, whereas Miss Caroline doesnt find it so easy to fit in. I think this is because she is more ignorant of Maycombs traditions and ways than Alexandra she also appears less prejudiced to begin with, although this lessens as she settles into Maycomb life. Dill is also a physical outsider, but he is accepted because he is a child. Scout admires his intelligence he could read two books to my one and Jem sees him as a pocket Merlin, a source of entertainment and knowledge of other places. They also like his carefree attitude laugh my head off. Because Dill is not prejudiced, people are not prejudiced towards him. This seems to be true in Atticus as well in spite of Atticus shortcomings people were content to re-elect him. It seems that both Hardy and Harper base their books on childhood experiences, and use children to get their points across (Scout and Rhodas son). Both the main children in the texts have one-parent families, which was highly unusual in both periods the texts were set in. In The Withered Arm this helps to isolate Rhoda and in To Kill a Mockingbird it allows Alexandra to enter the text and gives Calpurnia a larger role as a mother figure in the plot. Outsiders are incredibly important in all aspects of these two texts they provide humour, add interest, convey emotions of the authors, highlight prejudice, create tension and, ultimately, provide the culminations of the plots. Outsiders such a Scout and Dill provide humour Scout by some of the things she says there wasnt much left for us to learn, except possibly algebra. This provides humour because algebra is insignificant when compared to the ordeals the children have been through and the life lessons they have learnt that they will take with them throughout their lives. It also emphasises how young Scout actually is. Dill provides humour through his carefree attitude Ill go and join the circus. He makes fun of the hypocrisy of the Maycomb citizens, which also adds humour because he is touching upon a taboo subject. Interest is added through outsiders such as Trendle and Boo. They also add tension, because of their mystery and rumours that surround them. The tension from Conjuror Trendle is implied to be much more serious than that of Boo, because witchcraft was truly feared by people during the 19th century. Boos rumours are unrealistic and dismissed by adults, but the childrens imaginations make this squirrel eating monster seem quite threatening. I think that when they are acting out the Boo Radley play, they are trying to think about Atticus philosophy but do not have the empathy to do this properly. Atticus makes them stop to show them that this is not the way to empathise, and through his careful teaching and love they learn how to understand true compassion and empathy. Scout is the main character that conveys the emotions of the author Harper uses Scout as a tool to put forward her own ideas. Atticus is also used in a similar way. I think that Rhoda and Gertrude put across (perhaps unintentionally) Hardys cynical views on love and beauty. Outsiders that highlight prejudice include Gertrude and Tom. Tom is used by Atticus to highlight prejudice during the trial, and Gertrude is judged by her physical appearance and well-being, rather than her personality. Boo and Gertrude provide the culminations of the storylines, coming in early on in the plots and ending the storylines too. This adds structure to the texts and also makes the reader feel satisfied once they have read the books, because characters that they know well and are present throughout the storylines with them, tie up loose ends and provide the final climax and conclusion.

Raining Death and Destruction

Raining Death and Destruction Raining Death and Destruction Raining Death and Destruction By Maeve Maddox This week I received an email that contained the phrase â€Å"reigning death and destruction on innocent people.† Naturally, I was moved to do a web search to see if other writers were misspelling the phrase â€Å"raining death and destruction.† Here is some evidence that some are: INCORRECT: Civil liberties are suppressed for our own good, and patriotism means going along with lawless governments, reigning death and destruction on defenseless nations for imperial, not noble, reasons.- Political commentary blog. CORRECT : Civil liberties are suppressed for our own good, and patriotism means going along with lawless governments, raining death and destruction on defenseless nations for imperial, not noble, reasons. INCORRECT: The FSA, however, have developed a different role for their Gunship, the Princeton class is an artillery emplacement on the water, its large turret reigning death and destruction from afar along with a healthy dose of rockets to boot.- UK gaming site. CORRECT : The FSA, however, have developed a different role for their Gunship, the Princeton class is an artillery emplacement on the water, its large turret raining death and destruction from afar along with a healthy dose of rockets to boot. INCORRECT: The name refers to the Lords passing over the Jewish children while reigning death and destruction on the Egyptians for Pharaohs refusal to free the Jews.- Feature article in The Washington Post. CORRECT : The name refers to the Lords passing over the Jewish children while raining death and destruction on the Egyptians for Pharaohs refusal to free the Jews The misspelling occurs with the similar idioms â€Å"raining blows† and â€Å"raining punches†: INCORRECT: A man has been told he is lucky not to be going to prison after reigning blows on his mother’s partner in their own home.- The Plymouth Herald (UK). CORRECT : A man has been told he is lucky not to be going to prison after raining blows on his mother’s partner in their own home. INCORRECT: A.J. Ferrer lived up to his nick name â€Å"The Pitbull† when he stormed out of his corner at the bell and began  reigning punches  from every angle.- Mixed martial arts site. CORRECT: A.J. Ferrer lived up to his nick name â€Å"The Pitbull† when he stormed out of his corner at the bell and began  raining punches  from every angle. In these idioms, the metaphor is that of a heavy rain pelting down on someone or something beneath. Reigning, on the other hand, is from the verb reign: â€Å"to exercise authority or hold sway in the manner of a monarch.† The participle form is used with the meaning ruling or predominant. Here are examples of reigning used correctly: The reigning dynasty  of Uaxactun was not always housed in the same location. The  reigning philosophy of the Enlightenment, we are told, was that of Locke and his disciples in England and on the Continent. We have never had a World Championship where  the reigning champion could defend the title. In conclusion, death, destruction, blows, punches, insults, volcanic ash, and other such unpleasantries rain on their recipients. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs Past20 Rules About Subject-Verb Agreement5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Objectives to Advance Coca-Colas Financial Situation Assignment

Objectives to Advance Coca-Colas Financial Situation - Assignment Example The company is also set to be a responsible citizen on earth through the preservation of the environment. The company’s overall commercial strategy is to become a leader in business through passion, genius collaboration, Integrity as well as diversity. The company is also set to act quickly in a qualitative manner and remain responsive to change. Conclusively, the ventures of the company are to ensure efficiency in the daily operations. The overall strategy is to work smart with a focus on the current and future market vicissitudes. The company has a role of publishing annual reports on the company’s online website on Formula 10-K. The form thus publicizes the financial performance of the business on a yearly basis. The company being multinational has its operations spread over two hundred countries all over the world. In conclusion, the coca cola institution is one of the most efficient companies about protection of the company’s beverage and food formulae. The marketing strategy of the enterprise is also a no match in that the company experiences a massive following after every market venture. The institution  requires venturing into other market approach strategies. However, the company is still a leader in business, especially on the international scene. The company significant financial venture is in the increase of equity income and total revenue per share. The above objectives are also useful in the establishment of more taxes for shareholders, the owners, employees as well as partners.